- Defecation
In C. elegans the expulsion of intestinal contents occurs every 45-50 seconds. This cycle is characterized by a pattern of muscle contractions under both muscle and neuronal control. The steps of the defecation cycle are a posterior body contraction (pBoc), an anterior body contraction (aBoc), and the final expulsion step (Exp) where the enteric muscles contract, opening the anus and allowing the intestinal contents to be released. Each step is independently controlled as mutations exist that affect one step but do not alter the timing or occurrence of the other. Further, Ca++ oscillations in the intestine, rather than neuronal stimulation, have been shown to control the initiating pBoc step. The contractions of the enteric muscles are controlled by GABA motor neurons AVL and DVB through an excitatory GABA-gated cation channel. The periodicity of the cycle is influenced by the presence of food, is temperature compensated, and can be reset by mechanosensory input.
- Egg laying
C. elegans hermaphrodites exhibit a periodicity in the rate and temporal pattern of egg-laying. Egg laying is modulated by diverse environmental cues. Egg laying behavior has served as an important phenotypic assay for the genetic dissection of neuronal signal transduction mechanisms. Studies in C. elegans have elucidated the roles of specific neurons in the egg-laying motor circuit, which release multiple neurotransmitters affecting distinct parameters of egg-laying muscle activity, and the possible mechanisms for sensory control of egg-laying behavior.
- Larval development
During post-embryonic development the temporal and spatial regulation of cellular and molecular mechanisms continue past embryogenesis to give rise to a fully functional adult. Post-embryonic development in C. elegans involves progression of the animal through four larval stages. Post-embryonic development involves further limited somatic cell division and cell death to bring the final total to 959 somatic nuclei in the hermaphrodite and 1031 in the male. Other remarkable processes during this period include cell migrations, neuronal rewiring, and adoption of final cell fates. Under conditions of stress, e.g., starvation, reproductive development ceases and the animal switch to a physiologically distinct developmental program to produce the dauer larva.
- Locomotion
The movement of the animal in relation to its environment requires coordinating an awareness of environmental cues with the firing of neuronal circuitry affecting the simultaneous contraction and relaxation of opposing muscle groups. C. elegans exhibits many types of movement, the two major types are crawling and swimming. Each of these movements have been further characterized by dominant body shapes, trajectories, angles, speeds, etc., peculiar to the movement. Fundamental to survival of the worm is the ability to sense and move towards or away from different stimuli. Forward and backwards movements can be induced in the lab through the stimulation of the mechanosensory neural network.
- Neurotransmission
Neurons communicate across synaptic junctions with target cells, such as neurons, muscles, or specialized secretory cells through chemical messengers that are released from the neuron and bind to and activate receptors on the target cell. Pre-synaptic release of neurotransmitters can be evoked, such as through mechanical or chemical stimulation, as well as can occur spontaneously at a low rate. Depending on the neurotransmitter released and or the receptors of the post-synaptic cell, the activation of receptors can trigger excitatory or inhibitory actions in the target cell. These neuronal communications can also result in short term post-synapatic cellular changes to the membrane potential or can cause the activation of signaling cascades, resulting in longer term changes in the cell.