[
Int J Biochem Cell Biol,
2003]
Kallmann's syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) and anosmia; although these are the defining features of the condition, additional neurological and non-neurological sequel may also occur depending on the specific mode of inheritance. KS affects about 1 in 8000 males and 1 in 40,000 females, with most presentations being of the 'sporadic' type. Of the inherited forms, hitherto, only the gene responsible for the X-linked form (X-KS), namely KAL-1, has been identified and the encoded protein, anosmin-1, consists primarily of a whey acidic protein (WAP) and fibronectin-like type III (FnIII) domains which appear to mediate distinctly different protein functions. The WAP/FnIII combination is conserved in anosmins across species and recent studies in rodents and in Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate that anosmin functions in both axonal targeting and branching. Screening for loci that modify these phenotypes in C. elegans has identified heparan-6-O-sulpbotransferase as a key interactor mediating anosmin-1 function. Furthermore, over-expression and loss of function of the C elegans Kal-1 gene disrupt epidermal morphogenesis, resulting in ventral enclosure and male tail formation defects. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of X-KS.
[
Neuron,
2002]
Three new studies into the function of human anosmin-1 and related proteins in C. elegans and rodents show that these influence axon branching and axon targeting. The rodent anosmin appears to work at two stages of development, initially promoting axon outgrowth from the olfactory bulb and then stimulating branching from axons into the olfactory cortex. CeKal-1 further influences morphogenesis, and, as the human and nematode anosmins are functionally conserved, these studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of Kallmann syndrome (KS).